Wall acts as a load carrier for slab, roof, beam and other forms of weight units. At the same time, it offers privacy, security, and shelter against foreign matters. Wall can also be a non-load bearing divider, or a partition that separate spaces and create “rooms” in the building. Wall can be used as a defensive barrier in the countryside, either as a permanent structure or temporary erection for a structure either in outdoor or indoor use. External wall usually acts as the shear wall in which load-bearing strength is required, they play the role as superstructure’s basic while block water, dirt as well as unwanted temperature and noise. The acoustic and thermal insulation features can be enhanced through additional infill materials such as polystyrene foam, mineral wool, glass fiber or others.

TIle is a hard-wearing building material due to its firm in strength, small in weight, resistant to pressure and wear, and can be protected from moisture. Tile are usually use as floor decorative for room or buildings while thinner tile will be usually used on walls rather than on floors because walls require more durable surfaces rather than resist impacts. These tiles are usually made up of marble and granite, ceramic, clay and etc. Although other popular flooring and wall materials like laminate, wood, luxury vinyl, etc are being widely used, floor tiles are still the first choice for many consumers because tiles have a solid texture, easy in cleaning, heat-resistant, wear-resistant, chemical resistant, watertight that makes it high versatility and very durable.

Doors and windows are an important part of the building as an openable barrier. The requirement for doors and windows is usually low thermal conductivity, sound insulation, waterproof, fire resistant, etc. Currently, the new requirement is energy saving where the cold areas are separated and lesser energy consume on cooling or heating. Another is the important part of the architectural design of a building so their shape, size, and color will have a big impact on the overall view of the building.

Introduction

The type of doors and windows are louver, frame, ironmongery, sliding, overhang, awning, French etc. The casement doors and windows are one of those common types which the framework are usually wood, steel, aluminium, glass, or combination of any of these materials. The material for shutter can be timber, plywood, glass, block or any material that should meet the minimum requirement of the industrialization of buildings which is sturdy, durable, flexible to open, tightly closed and easy to repair and clean.

Electronic technology is an emerging technology developed by western countries such as Europe and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 20th century, electronic products are having a breakthrough in communication and transport thus contributed to the advancement of modern science and technology. Electronic products require electricity from an electrical grid. Thus an electrical grid transmits electricity from the power station then distributes the electricity to the substations and finally to individual customers.

Introduction

With the advancement of technology, the power station or electric generator can now shrink to a more scalable size and can be mobile at the same time. A Genset is an electrical generator that combines an engine to form a self-contained equipment. The kind of electrical generator has the advantages on independently supply electricity without the necessity of connection with electrical grid and also act as an emergency power supply if the grid fails. There are different types of Genset (Natural gas generators, gasoline generators, etc) and one of the most common ones is the diesel generators which is mostly used in industrial and commercial establishments like industrial plants, hospital, office building, etc.

Industrial supplies and hardware can be separated into two type which is a hardware tool and hardware accessories. Hardware tools are referred to as metal part that made of iron, steel, and aluminium by the processing of forging, rolling or cutting. These tools include various machine, electric, pneumatic, cutting tools, auto maintenance tools, agricultural tools, lifting tools, measuring tools, jigs, molds, grinding wheels, drill bits, abrasives, etc. Most hardware tools are sold worldwide and exported from China. Furthermore, in 2013 developed countries like Europe and the United States are having rapid development on production technology and rising labor prices only produce premium or special tool which left China a strong market potential on transporting normal grade tool throughout the world.

Study room has been evolving since the invention of computer and internet, as study room used to be a place only for people to process their paper works from office, school and leisure reading. People nowadays use more computer, electronic devices such as tablet, phone and other gadgets when carry on their education, career and hobby. They works on email, social media, individual company e-platform, websites, college e-portal with their laptop and desktop in the study room. The advancement of technology make them able to conduct their works such as seminar, lecture class, video-conference with one and group of people remotely from home. Classmates, lecturer, customers and colleagues are now reachable with technology regardless of where they are; paper works are getting lesser and lesser with virtual documents and instant cloud computing.

Electronic communication has also taken over traditional fax machine, e-mailing has superseded physical paper mail and major stationery market share has been substituted by computerized tools. In the past, the study room was being utilized mostly by the head of the family as their reading room as well as personal office. Modern study room interior is now designed for whole family to conduct their respective activities from studying, working, online e-commerce, freelance business and leisure pursuit. Anyhow, a classical room for study and work is nevertheless consists of a chair, table, cabinet, book shelf, computer (can be laptop), book, desk lamp, sofa or more. Productivity is now enhanced and being more effective with internet, saving hours of time for transiting to office, meeting and carry out a lot of paper works

Carpet is highly suitable for a residential unit, from a bungalow, condominium, terrace, townhouse, semi-detached to any other low and high-rise. Almost but not all areas can use carpet since carpet has one single disadvantage compared to tile or other floorings, that is water absorption. You can use it and place it in front of bathroom entrance to slightly wipe your foot that is not so wet but it is not suitable to put inside the toilet as when it gets wet, it has the tendency to get smelly if not drying it soon or later. Anyhow, carpet can be used for indoor and outdoor, as it is quite common to use artificial grass carpeting for a garden. It looks like real turf but having a waterproof surface without maintenance, since real grass will grow and attract insect, mosquito as well as it is not convenient in cleaning and trimming.

Furthermore, many people will use carpet at the main indoor entrance so the visitor can feel the warmth when they first step into the house. One of the reasons is due to the sudden change of foot touch of surfaces and temperature might surprise the natural body system, as the previous second was wearing comfortable footwear. While some flooring in the house might have marble, granite, porcelain, ceramic vinyl, SPC, or other planks and tiles that seem not as soft as what carpet can bring to human. It shows friendliness to welcoming, while it is highly presentable with a wide range of types such as colour, length of pile, pattern, size and more. Some people will put the carpet to every room in addition to the living room, as carpet is a very affordable and makes housewives' life easier in term of maintenance and cleaning.

Carpentry is also known as a joiner in some parts of the world where this traditional name more toward woodworking specialists. However, it also consists of other specializations such as parquetry, instrument making, cabinetry that are co-related to these. Log builder is another structural kind of carpentry job provider that build fortification, houses, churches, temples, barns and more. When contractors wish to use formwork for concrete casting and formwork carpenter is the right vendor to ask for, to create the falsework and shuttering utilizable in the construction field. Furthermore, there is also in the marine or shipbuilding industry that uses this carpenter profession as their maintenance, constructing from carrying on-board tasks, emergency to wooden ships on land that will be built by a shipwright.

Trim carpenter is other ornamental works specialist that put up their experience to trim or mould casing of windows, mantels, door, baseboard while it is not common to be used in Malaysia. The cabinet maker is a details-oriented contractor who can make wander for your interior storage space, such as a dresser, furniture, storage chest or other cabinetry woodworking. A framer is more or less like a structure builder but the latter uses more than a wooden framework to build any structure of building skeleton. Restoration carpenter is referred to historic building specialist who can make wonder to put the precious piece of structure to its original outlook. There are many more that can be addressed here, from a scenic carpenter or green carpenter who works only sustainable building materials that are good to the environment while maintaining a high level of material wastage saving.

The store has many functions and can be used for different purposes, from industrial, commercial, retail to the house owner. For industrial such as production factory, chemical plants, processing line, they used to store equipment, tools, machinery, accessories and spare parts that can be used during an emergency, maintenance or merely for warehousing (an alternate name used by some enterprises). Commercial can be a bit wider such as logistics, showroom, food and beverage and more; these commercial users will apply store as their warehouse and interchangeable, putting their goods to be sold, sample, display booth, staffs' personal belonging, furniture, spare lighting, lockers for smaller items, brochures to many more. They can be said to as industrial if minor or light processing is involved, such as goods handling, or packaging.

Retails are about similar, but they can be the range from fashion, spectacles, café, fish shop to more in which the functionality of storeroom is more or less the same with commercial since the commercial unit is falling in between the midst of characteristics for both industrial and retails. In term of end-user, also known as the most house owner, they are directly using for families or own stores, most of the store either permanent or temporary items from various sizes as well as nature of applications. Multifunctional spaces like these can be your junk storing as well as incorporating any potential decorative designs when frequent access is required. Emergency pieces of stuff or food and beverages such as grains, additional spare fixture, fittings, kitchen accessories and home-living necessities can be allocated to this space.

Anything requires to be stored in an enclosed area with a certain temperature will be known as a cold room, alternatively also called a refrigerating chamber. As room temperature or ambient temperature cannot be maintained through controlled environment properly, an artificial-generated temperature in the storage room must be created. The system that is built either mechanically or through construction design, is basically specified with a mutual discussion between tenant and the consultant or contractor. The outside temperature will make a lot of materials, including raw items to production, semi-finished goods to ready-stocks that are about to sell (either temporary storing for transit or sitting there as reserved products). Examples are including meat, fruit, seafood, flower, vegetable and more.

Perishable goods are always having the strict need to prolong their lifespan through a proper environment that has a high level of cleanliness as well as temperature moderation. Especially food and beverage that must be kept below certain celsius to keep its freshness as well as not being damaged by bacteria and harmful elements in the air because the living environment shall be affected from a range of temperature. For instance, the bacteria's growth will be restricted at about 32 degrees of Fahrenheit or even lower, basically, all major viruses and bacteria are not able to be active in such condition. Further to the point, its relative humidity shall be controlled well since living organism relies basically on water, air, food and suitable temperature for healthy nurturing.

As per spreading, diseases happen at the end of the year 2019, many companies have switched to working from home (WFH) mode for employees. Of course, there have been companies which make such arrangement even pre-pandemic but yet, the lockdown on the restriction at country-level globally escalate the conversion. Wide range of benefits can be enjoyed by both employers and the team with working from a home model, making its demand of home office setup including furnitures and other custom made carpentry works heats up the industry's specialized fabricators. Working from home requires a better-equipped fit-to-use for each of the team since the home design could be varied and the job role is not identical too.

Further to the point, carpentry works do not cost much to both management and the staff while maintaining a quality standard in which a balancing of preference-need will always be there by mutual expectation discussion. Although ready-made plastic-based furnitures are also affordable in the market in which wholesaler and retailer can offer to the consumer, woodworking and customization of other materials oriented furniture for the home office cannot be substituted with the details attended by the latter. Employee shall always discuss with their employer to check whether the company will bear the cost for medium-to-long-term working from home, temporary work-from-home (WFH) usually does not enjoy the privilege as it is more to personal desire.

What is the vinyl floor and why we should go for the vinyl floor, these two questions seem simple but actually more than what an ordinary person can explain well in its diverse benefits. Vinyl flooring has undoubted advantages when it comes to installing to the lovely home that you stay with your sweet family members. It provides unbeatable safety while enjoying the aesthetic value at one of the top-ranked among all the flooring. From Western design or nations to the Middle East, Asia as well as other regions, vinyl floor is so popular that so many options in term of design, size, thickness, shape are then being developed. The research and development of affordable vinyl floors are carried out throughout the world.

Vinyl floor has convenience in installation, for some owners who prefer to Do-It-Yourself (DIY) can carry on the works based on guidance provided by suppliers or through an online e-commerce platform. Vinyl materials can be safe and green, environmentally friendly and wholly recyclable. Many developers will specify their need on flooring to use vinyl when discussing with architects, they can enjoy higher points in green building index (GBI) or some other certification verifying the earth-responsible duty for tax incentives from the authorities too. Vinyl is also easier to be installed while developers can save costs in workers and the time to deliver that flooring scope which is usually done at the end stage where a project is rushing the hand-over deadline.

Insulation in a building refers to using any effective material as insulation for many purposes, mainly to improve the comfort level and safety of building occupants. There are a few types of insulation, whilst thermal insulation is commonly used for building insulation.

Heat will always travel from a hot place to the a colder area. Heat travels through a building envelope by means of convection, conduction and radiation. Convection is the circulation of heat. As the air becomes warm, it rises and carries heat away from walls. As hot air rises, cold air is drawn in to replace the raised air. This explains why the second floor always feels warmer than the ground floor in a double-storey house. Conduction is another means of heat travelling through a solid material, where heat is transferred from a hotter area to a colder area. Conduction occurs when the heat from the warmer outside wall is transferred to the colder inside wall. Conduction is not limited only to the wall, heat can be conducted through the entire building envelope, including the roof and foundation. Radiation is a radiant heat source that warms the building envelope. For example, a roof absorbs the radiation, the heat is being transferred from the roof to the ceiling. Therefore, heat or thermal insulation is a way to prevent heat transfer by convection, conduction, and radiation. The materials used as thermal insulators are usually poor thermal conductors. They can greatly reduce heat from getting in a building or contain heat from escaping the building.

Acoustic insulation is useful for the construction of theatres, auditoriums, cinemas, karaoke clubs, libraries, etc. Sound travels in the form of longitudinal waves and travels fastest in solids, and slowest in the air by vibration. Sound can be reflected from a hard and smooth surface, absorbed by materials with high absorption power, or insulated which prevents sound from passing through the insulation.